Articles tagged Gaudium et Spes

Was Vatican II a valid ecumenical council?

In 1982, Pope Benedict XVI (then-Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger) called some of the documents of the Second Vatican Council a 'counter-syllabus' to Pope Pius IX's and Pope St. Pius X's syllabi and encyclicals against the heresy of Modernism. How should we Catholics interpret such a statement?
Opinion
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